Nobel Winners
Search and filter all Nobel Prize laureates
PhysicsMarie Curie
Discovery of radioactivity
PhysicsAlbert Einstein
Photoelectric effect
PeaceMartin Luther King Jr.
Civil rights movement
PeaceMother Teresa
Humanitarian work
PeaceMalala Yousafzai
Children's right to education
PeaceNelson Mandela
End of apartheid
PeaceBarack Obama
International diplomacy
MedicineTu Youyou
Discovery of artemisinin
LiteratureBob Dylan
New poetic expressions in song
LiteratureToni Morrison
Visionary novels of American life
PhysicsPeter Higgs
Discovery of Higgs Boson mechanism
LiteratureWinston Churchill
Historical and biographical writings and brilliant oratory
LiteratureErnest Hemingway
Mastery of the art of narrative and influence on contemporary style
PeaceDalai Lama
Advocacy of peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect
PeaceDesmond Tutu
Role as a unifying leader in the campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid
PeaceElie Wiesel
Messenger to mankind and spiritual leader through his fight against violence and hatred
LiteratureGabriel García Márquez
Novels and short stories blending reality and fantasy in the magic realism style
LiteraturePablo Neruda
Poetry that brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams with elemental force
MedicineAlexander Fleming
Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
PhysicsNiels Bohr
Services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and radiation from them
PeaceMikhail Gorbachev
Leading role in the peace process which today characterizes the world community
ChemistryLinus Pauling
Research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of complex substances
MedicineJames Watson
Discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for DNA
PeaceAung San Suu Kyi
Nonviolent struggle for democracy and human rights in Myanmar
LiteratureAlbert Camus
Illuminating human conscience
LiteratureJean-Paul Sartre
Work rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth — though he famously declined the prize
LiteratureGünter Grass
Frolicsome black fables portraying the forgotten face of history in works like The Tin Drum
PeaceJimmy Carter
Decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts and to advance democracy and human rights
PeaceKofi Annan
Work for a better organized and more peaceful world as UN Secretary-General
PeaceWangari Maathai
Contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace through the Green Belt Movement
PeaceMuhammad Yunus
Efforts to create economic and social development from below through microcredit and microfinance
PeaceLiu Xiaobo
Long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China
PeaceLech Walesa
Championing the rights of workers through the Solidarity movement in Poland
PeaceHenry Kissinger
Negotiating the Vietnam War ceasefire and promoting international diplomacy
PeaceAndrei Sakharov
Struggle for human rights, disarmament and cooperation between all nations
PeaceAlbert Schweitzer
Humanitarian work and philosophy of Reverence for Life through his hospital in Africa
PeaceRigoberta Menchu
Work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples
PeaceDag Hammarskjold
Posthumous award for his role as UN Secretary-General in promoting peace and international cooperation
PeaceYasser Arafat
Efforts to create peace in the Middle East alongside Israeli leaders
LiteratureSamuel Beckett
Writing which in new forms for the novel and drama acquires its elevation from the destitution of modern man
LiteratureWilliam Faulkner
Powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel
LiteratureJohn Steinbeck
Realistic and imaginative writings combining sympathetic humor and keen social perception
LiteratureT.S. Eliot
Outstanding pioneer contribution to present-day poetry with works like The Waste Land
LiteratureRudyard Kipling
Power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas with remarkable talent for narration
LiteratureDoris Lessing
Epicist of the female experience who with skepticism fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny
LiteratureOrhan Pamuk
Quest for the melancholic soul of his native city Istanbul discovering new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures
LiteratureMario Vargas Llosa
Cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance revolt and defeat
LiteratureGunter Grass
Frolicsome black fables portraying the forgotten face of history in works like The Tin Drum
PhysicsRichard Feynman
Fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles
PhysicsMax Planck
Discovery of energy quanta which launched the field of quantum mechanics and modern physics
PhysicsEnrico Fermi
Demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements and discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons
PhysicsWerner Heisenberg
Creation of quantum mechanics and discovery of allotropic forms of hydrogen
PhysicsPaul Dirac
Discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory predicting the existence of antimatter
ChemistryDorothy Hodgkin
Determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances including penicillin and insulin
ChemistryAhmed Zewail
Studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy
MedicineFrederick Banting
Discovery of insulin which transformed diabetes from a fatal disease into a manageable condition saving millions of lives
MedicineKarl Landsteiner
Discovery of human blood groups which made safe blood transfusions possible
MedicineFrancis Crick
Discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material
MedicineBarbara McClintock
Discovery of mobile genetic elements — she worked alone for decades before the world recognized her groundbreaking findings
MedicineRita Levi-Montalcini
Discovery of nerve growth factor which revolutionized understanding of how the nervous system develops
MedicineGertrude Elion
Discoveries of important principles for drug treatment leading to medicines for leukemia HIV and other diseases
MedicineFrancoise Barre-Sinoussi
Discovery of human immunodeficiency virus HIV which was crucial in developing treatments for AIDS
PeaceMartti Ahtisaari
Important efforts on several continents and over more than three decades to resolve international conflicts
PeaceKim Dae-jung
Work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general and for peace on the Korean Peninsula
PeaceShirin Ebadi
Efforts for democracy and human rights especially the rights of women and children in Iran
PeaceTawakkol Karman
Non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work
PeaceEllen Johnson Sirleaf
Non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work
PeaceNadia Murad
Efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict as a Yazidi survivor
PeaceDenis Mukwege
Efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war through decades of treating thousands of victims
PeaceJose Ramos-Horta
Work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor
LiteratureSaul Bellow
Human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture combined in his work
LiteratureMo Yan
Hallucinatory realism merging folk tales history and the contemporary in vivid works
LiteratureHerta Muller
Landscape of the dispossessed with concentration of poetry and frankness of prose depicting life under dictatorship
LiteratureImre Kertesz
Writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history
LiteratureV.S. Naipaul
Perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories
LiteratureSeamus Heaney
Works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth which exalt everyday miracles and the living past
LiteratureElfriede Jelinek
Musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that show the absurdity of social clichés
PhysicsWilhelm Rontgen
Discovery of X-rays which revolutionized medicine and earned him the very first Nobel Prize in Physics ever awarded
PhysicsGuglielmo Marconi
Contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy which connected the world for the first time
PhysicsErwin Schrodinger
Discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory including the famous Schrodinger equation
PhysicsMurray Gell-Mann
Discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions including naming quarks
PhysicsSteven Weinberg
Contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles
PhysicsLeon Lederman
Neutrino beam method and demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino
ChemistryErnest Rutherford
Investigations into the disintegration of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances
ChemistryWalter Gilbert
Contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids revolutionizing genetics
ChemistryKary Mullis
Invention of the polymerase chain reaction PCR method which revolutionized biology and medicine
ChemistryAda Yonath
Studies of the structure and function of the ribosome leading to new antibiotic treatments
MedicineCharles Sherrington
Discoveries regarding the functions of neurons laying the foundation for modern neuroscience
MedicineJoseph Murray
Discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease
MedicineBarry Marshall
Discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
MedicineRobert Koch
Investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis revolutionizing the understanding of infectious disease
MedicineIvan Pavlov
Work on the physiology of digestion and discovery of conditioned reflexes which transformed our understanding of behavior
MedicineElizabeth Blackburn
Discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
MedicineChristiane Nusslein-Volhard
Discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development
MedicineSydney Brenner
Discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
LiteratureWole Soyinka
Wide cultural perspective and poetic overtones fashioning the drama of existence
LiteratureOctavio Paz
Impassioned writing with wide horizons characterized by sensory intelligence and humanistic integrity
LiteratureNadine Gordimer
Magnificent epic writing depicting apartheid South Africa through vivid characters and moral clarity
LiteratureDario Fo
Following the tradition of medieval jesters in scourging authority and upholding dignity of the downtrodden
LiteratureNaguib Mahfouz
Works rich in nuance forming an Arabian narrative art that applies to all of humanity
PhysicsMax Born
Fundamental research in quantum mechanics especially the statistical interpretation of the wave function
PhysicsWolfgang Pauli
Discovery of the Pauli exclusion principle which is foundational to all of modern quantum physics
PhysicsHideki Yukawa
Prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces
PhysicsAbdus Salam
Contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles
ChemistryOtto Hahn
Discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei which led directly to the development of nuclear energy
ChemistryFrederick Sanger
Work on the structure of proteins especially insulin — one of only four people to win the Nobel Prize twice
ChemistryIlya Prigogine
Contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics particularly the theory of dissipative structures
ChemistryPaul Berg
Fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids and pioneering work on recombinant DNA
MedicineKarl von Frisch
Discoveries concerning the behavior of bees including decoding the famous waggle dance used to communicate
MedicineKonrad Lorenz
Discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns in animals
MedicineRoger Sperry
Discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the brain
MedicinePaul Ehrlich
Work on immunity whose magic bullet theory led to the first modern chemotherapy treatments
MedicineCesar Milstein
Discovery of monoclonal antibodies which revolutionized medicine and are used to treat cancer today
MedicineChristiaan Eijkman
Discovery of the antineuritic vitamin leading to the understanding that beriberi is caused by vitamin deficiency
EconomicsAmartya Sen
Contributions to welfare economics and his work on famines poverty and human development
EconomicsMilton Friedman
Achievements in consumption analysis and monetary history and theory transforming modern economics
EconomicsJoseph Stiglitz
Analyses of markets with asymmetric information showing how hidden information affects economic outcomes
EconomicsPaul Krugman
Analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity explaining why trade occurs between similar countries
EconomicsAngus Deaton
Analysis of consumption poverty and welfare transforming understanding of how individuals make economic choices
EconomicsElinor Ostrom
Analysis of economic governance especially the commons — the first woman to win the Economics Nobel Prize
EconomicsRobert Shiller
Empirical analysis of asset prices leading to better understanding of bubbles and market behavior
PeaceAdolfo Perez Esquivel
Leading human rights activist who fought against oppression in Latin America through nonviolent means
PeaceOscar Arias
Work for peace in Central America especially through the Arias Peace Plan that ended conflicts in the region
PeaceF.W. de Klerk
Peaceful termination of apartheid and laying the foundations for a democratic South Africa alongside Nelson Mandela
PeaceJody Williams
Work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines leading to the Ottawa Treaty signed by 122 nations
PeaceJohn Hume
Efforts to find a peaceful solution to the Northern Ireland conflict leading to the Good Friday Agreement
PeaceDavid Trimble
Efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland through the Good Friday Agreement
PeaceLeymah Gbowee
Non-violent struggle for the safety of women and their right to full participation in peace-building work
PeaceCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo
Work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor protecting its people
PeaceMedecins Sans Frontieres
Pioneering humanitarian work on several continents providing medical aid where it is needed most
PeaceMohamed ElBaradei
Efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure nuclear safety
LiteratureHeinrich Boll
Writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature
LiteratureEugenio Montale
Distinctive poetry which interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions
LiteratureIsaac Bashevis Singer
Impassioned narrative art which roots in Polish-Jewish cultural traditions has brought universal human conditions to life
LiteratureElias Canetti
Writings marked by a broad outlook a wealth of ideas and artistic power in exploring mass psychology
LiteratureWilliam Golding
Novels which illuminate the human condition in the world of today with clarity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth
LiteratureJoseph Brodsky
All-embracing authorship imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity
LiteratureCamilo Jose Cela
Rich and intensive prose which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of human vulnerability
LiteratureKenzaburo Oe
Poetic force that creates an imagined world where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament
PhysicsArthur Compton
Discovery of the Compton effect proving that light has both wave and particle properties
PhysicsErnest Lawrence
Invention and development of the cyclotron and results obtained with it especially regarding artificial radioactive elements
PhysicsCharles Townes
Fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle
PhysicsArno Penzias
Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation confirming the Big Bang theory of the universe
PhysicsCarlo Rubbia
Decisive contributions to the large project which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z communicators of weak interaction
PhysicsGeorges Charpak
Invention and development of particle detectors in particular the multiwire proportional chamber
PhysicsDennis Gabor
Invention and development of the holographic method creating the first holograms
ChemistryMelvin Calvin
Research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants discovering the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis
ChemistryRobert Woodward
Outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis including total synthesis of complex natural products
ChemistryChristian Anfinsen
Work on ribonuclease especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation
ChemistryRoald Hoffmann
Theories concerning the course of chemical reactions helping chemists predict and control organic synthesis
ChemistryRichard Synge
Invention of partition chromatography which became fundamental to biochemistry and medicine
MedicineCharles Richet
Work on anaphylaxis discovering that a second exposure to a substance can cause a severe allergic reaction
MedicineOtto Loewi
Discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses proving nerves communicate through chemicals
MedicineGerhard Domagk
Discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil the first antibiotic drug saving countless lives
MedicineHermann Muller
Discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation foundational to genetics
MedicineCarl Cori
Discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen showing how energy is stored and used in muscles
MedicineWalter Hess
Discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs
MedicineMax Theiler
Discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it developing the first effective yellow fever vaccine
MedicineSelman Waksman
Discovery of streptomycin the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis saving millions of lives
MedicineHerbert Spencer Gasser
Discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres revolutionizing neuroscience
MedicineEdward Doisy
Discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K which is essential for blood clotting
PhysicsWillis Lamb
Discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum advancing quantum electrodynamics
ChemistryWilliam Lipscomb
Studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding
ChemistryHerbert Brown
Development of the use of boron and phosphorus-containing compounds into important reagents in organic synthesis
LiteratureClaude Simon
Combines the poet and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition
PeaceJuan Manuel Santos
Resolute efforts to end the more than 50-year-long civil war in Colombia
PeaceAbiy Ahmed
Efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation and for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with Eritrea
PeaceWorld Food Programme
Efforts to combat hunger providing food assistance in some of the worlds most dangerous conflict zones
PeaceICAN
Work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons
PeaceAles Bialiatski
Representing civil society in his home country fighting for human rights and democracy in Belarus
LiteratureHermann Hesse
Inspired writings which while growing in boldness and penetration exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style
LiteratureAndre Gide
Comprehensive and artistically significant writings in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth
LiteratureBertrand Russell
Varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought
LiteraturePar Lagerkvist
Artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind
LiteratureHalldor Laxness
Vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland
LiteratureJuan Ramon Jimenez
Lyrical poetry of high spirit and artistical purity an example of the Spanish spirit
LiteratureBoris Pasternak
Significant achievement in contemporary lyrical poetry as well as in the field of the great Russian epic tradition
LiteratureGiorgos Seferis
Eminent lyrical writing inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture
LiteratureMikhail Sholokhov
Artistic power and integrity with which he has expressed a historic phase in the life of the Russian people
LiteratureMiguel Angel Asturias
Vivid literary achievement deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America
PhysicsNiels Henrik David Bohr
Services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and radiation emanating from them
PhysicsJames Chadwick
Discovery of the neutron which was crucial to understanding atomic structure and led to nuclear fission
PhysicsClinton Davisson
Experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals confirming wave nature of matter
PhysicsIsidor Isaac Rabi
Resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei foundational to MRI technology
PhysicsFelix Bloch
Development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries connected therewith
ChemistryOtto Wallach
Services rendered to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds
ChemistryRichard Willstatter
Researches on plant pigments especially chlorophyll revealing the structure of the molecule that powers photosynthesis
ChemistryArthur Harden
Investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes foundational to biochemistry
ChemistryHarold Urey
Discovery of heavy hydrogen deuterium which has become essential in physics medicine and chemistry
ChemistryGeorge de Hevesy
Work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes revolutionizing medicine
MedicineRonald Ross
Work on malaria by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease
MedicineNiels Ryberg Finsen
Contribution to the treatment of diseases especially lupus vulgaris with concentrated light radiation
MedicineSantiago Ramon y Cajal
Work on the structure of the nervous system establishing the neuron doctrine foundational to neuroscience
MedicineIlya Mechnikov
Work on immunity discovering phagocytosis whereby immune cells engulf and destroy pathogens
MedicineAlexis Carrel
Work on vascular suture and transplantation of blood vessels and organs pioneering modern surgery
MedicineJules Bordet
Discoveries relating to immunity developing the complement fixation test used to diagnose many diseases
MedicineArchibald Hill
Discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle establishing the science of exercise physiology
MedicineFrederick Hopkins
Discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins proving that diet must contain certain essential nutrients
MedicineThomas Morgan
Discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity establishing modern genetics
MedicineCorneille Heymans
Discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration
EconomicsHerbert Simon
Pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations including bounded rationality
EconomicsTheodore Schultz
Pioneering research into economic development with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries
EconomicsJames Tobin
Analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions employment production and prices
EconomicsGeorge Stigler
Seminal studies of industrial structures functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation
EconomicsRobert Solow
Contributions to the theory of economic growth showing how technology drives long-run prosperity
PeaceFridtjof Nansen
Humanitarian work for the victims of the First World War and for prisoners of war introducing the Nansen passport for refugees
PeaceFrank Kellogg
Negotiating the Kellogg-Briand Pact which outlawed war as a means of settling international disputes
PeaceJane Addams
Social worker and founder of Hull House who championed peace and the rights of immigrants and women
PeaceCarl von Ossietzky
Pacifist journalist who was imprisoned by the Nazis for exposing German rearmament violations
PeaceEmily Balch
Lifelong work for international peace and cooperation as a pioneer of the women's peace movement
PeaceQuaker Organizations
Pioneer work in the international peace movement and mercy missions during and after World War II
PeaceLeon Jouhaux
Lifelong struggle for peace justice and humanity as a leading figure in the French labor movement
PeaceAlbert John Luthuli
Non-violent struggle against apartheid as president of the African National Congress
PeacePhilip Noel-Baker
Lifelong work for international peace and disarmament as a politician diplomat and athlete
PeaceLinus Pauling Peace
Campaign against nuclear weapons testing making him the only person to win two unshared Nobel Prizes
PeaceRene Cassin
Work for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as one of its principal architects
PeaceNorman Borlaug
Green Revolution research that developed high-yield crops saving over a billion people from starvation
PeaceWilly Brandt
Policy of reconciliation between West Germany and Eastern Europe known as Ostpolitik
PeaceEisaku Sato
Reconciliation policy towards Asia and his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan
PeaceSean MacBride
Mobilization of the conscience of the world in the fight against injustice through Amnesty International
PeaceMairead Corrigan
Founding the Community of Peace People and leading a courageous fight for a peaceful solution in Northern Ireland
PeaceBetty Williams
Founding the Community of Peace People and organizing massive peace demonstrations in Northern Ireland
PeaceAlva Myrdal
Disarmament negotiations leadership and her comprehensive study of the arms race for world peace
PeaceAung San Suu Kyi Peace
Nonviolent struggle for democracy and human rights in Myanmar inspiring millions around the world
PeaceYitzhak Rabin
Efforts to create peace in the Middle East culminating in the Oslo Accords with the Palestinians
PeaceShimon Peres
Efforts to create peace in the Middle East through the Oslo Accords peace process
PeaceRigoberta Menchu Tum
Work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for indigenous peoples rights
PhysicsWilhelm Wien
Discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat developing the displacement law for blackbody radiation
PhysicsNils Dalen
Invention of automatic valves designed to be used with gas accumulators in lighthouses and light buoys
PhysicsRobert Millikan
Work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect measuring the charge of an electron
PhysicsOwen Richardson
Work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the Richardson law
PhysicsJames Franck
Discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom proving quantum theory
PhysicsJean Baptiste Perrin
Work on the discontinuous structure of matter and discovery of sedimentation equilibrium proving atoms exist
PhysicsVictor Hess
Discovery of cosmic radiation opening up the field of high-energy particle physics
PhysicsHans Bethe
Contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions especially discoveries concerning the energy production in stars
PhysicsLuis Alvarez
Decisive contributions to elementary particle physics with discovery of a large number of resonance states
PhysicsEmilio Segre
Discovery of the antiproton confirming that every particle has an antiparticle counterpart
ChemistryAlfred Werner
Work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations
ChemistryFrederick Soddy
Contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances and investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes
ChemistryFrancis Aston
Discovery of isotopes by means of his mass spectrograph and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule
ChemistryFritz Pregl
Invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances making chemistry more precise and efficient
ChemistryHeinrich Wieland
Investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances laying foundation for steroid chemistry
ChemistryAdolf Windaus
Services rendered to the advancement of knowledge of the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins
ChemistryHans Fischer
Researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin
MedicineCharles Laveran
Work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases including discovery of the malaria parasite
MedicineAlbrecht Kossel
Contributions to the knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins including the nuclear substances
MedicineRobert Barany
Work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus revolutionizing the understanding of balance
MedicineAugust Krogh
Discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism showing how blood vessels expand to deliver oxygen
MedicineJohannes Fibiger
Discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma causing the first experimental induction of cancer
EconomicsDaniel Kahneman
Integrated insights from psychological research into economic science especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty
EconomicsVernon Smith
Established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms
EconomicsFinn Kydland
Contributions to dynamic macroeconomics including time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles
EconomicsEdmund Phelps
Analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy leading to understanding of inflation and unemployment
EconomicsRoger Myerson
Laying the foundations of mechanism design theory which helps design better institutions and markets
EconomicsOliver Williamson
Analysis of economic governance especially the boundaries of the firm explaining why companies exist